Introduction
Music intervals are an essential component of music theory and simply one of those things that every musician should know. This article is designed to give you a full understanding of this topic in a way that is logical and easy to follow.
Important: to get the most out of this article, you must have a solid understanding of major scales. If you are not familiar with this topic, it is strongly advisable that you read our article titled “How to Build a Major Scale” before proceeding.
What is a music interval?
A music interval is simply the distance between any two notes (pitches). For example, the distance between “C” and “E” is an interval, and so is the distance between “G#” and “D” or “A♭” and “F#”. You get the idea! 
Melodic vs. Harmonic intervals
A melodic interval is when two notes or pitches occur simultaneously. The notes of a melodic interval are written vertically on the music staff, one above the other.
A harmonic interval is when two notes or pitches occur at different times. On the music staff, the notes of a harmonic interval are written in sequence, one after the other.
How are music intervals named?
When naming a music interval, we say two things about it: its quality and its size. If we say that an interval is a “Perfect 5th”, for example, the “Perfect” refers to its quality and the “5th” refers to its size (see illustration below). Other examples might be “Major 2nd”, “Minor 7th”, etc.
Let’s look more carefully at what exactly “size” and “quality” mean and how they work.
Interval size
Interval size is a number that tells us how far two notes are from one another. When calculating interval size, we count from the lower to the higher note in alphabetical order. Accidentals (sharps, flats, natural signs, etc.) have no effect on interval size.
Let’s do a few examples:
Example #1:
Q: What is the interval size between the notes “C” and “E”?
Answer: 3rd
Explanation:
Count how many letter names there are between C and E: C is 1, D is 2, E is 3.
So, the interval size is “3”, or “3rd”.
Example #2:
Q: What is the interval size between the notes “D” and “B♭”?
Answer: 6th
Explanation:
Count how many letter names there are between “D” and “B♭” (the flat on B has no effect on interval size): D is 1, E is 2, F is 3, G is 4, A is 5, B is 6. So, the interval size is “6”, or “6th”.
Interval quality / Types of music intervals
Interval quality or type refers to the kind of sound that an interval produces. Here is a list of the types of intervals we can have in music:
Identifying interval type is a bit more complicated than identifying its size. This is a topic for our next section.
How to identify intervals on a staff
First, let’s look at how to identify intervals we can see visually on the music staff. The secret to doing this lies in the major scale. To demonstrate, we are going to use our favourite beginner-friendly scale – the “C Major”. Here it is for reference:
As you might already know, every major scale follows the same pattern of whole steps and half steps, which means that the distance relationship between the notes is the same across all major scales. Keeping this fact in mind, here are the names of intervals between notes of the major scale (using “C” as our reference point). Let’s do our best to memorize these:
Figure 1.0 – Music Intervals of a Major Scale
Several important observations can be made from Figure 1.0:
1) The 1st, 4th, 5th and 8th intervals are all perfect
2) The 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th intervals are all major
These observations will hold true for any major scale and are the key to naming intervals!
Okay, so we understand what “major” and “perfect” intervals are, but what about the others: “minor”, “diminished” and “augmented”? The remaining three interval types can be thought of as deriving from the first two. The following table illustrates how we get “minor”, “diminished” and “augmented” intervals from “major” and “perfect” intervals:
Figure 2.0
And voila – you are now armed with all the tools you need to identify any interval!
Next, let’s work through a few exercises to check your understanding.
Example exercises
Let’s put what we have learned into practice. We will look several intervals and then go through the logical steps to figure what kind of interval each one is.
EXERCISE #1:
Identify the following interval:
Answer: Perfect 4th
Explanation:
Counting up from the lower note (G) to the higher note (C) gives us 4, so our interval size is a 4th. Now, let’s think about its quality. Because our lowest note is G, we are going to assume that we are in the key of “G Major”. Our knowledge of major scales tells us that “G Major” only has an F#, which means the note “C” is natural in this scale (just as it is in our interval). Looking at Figure 1.0, we know that in any major scale, the interval between the tonic note and the 4th note is called “perfect”. Therefore, we can safely say that our interval is a Perfect 4th.
EXERCISE #2:
Identify the following interval:
Answer: Augmented 5th
Explanation:
Counting up from the lower note (D) to the higher note (A#) gives us 5, so our interval size is a 5th. Now, let’s think about its quality. Because our lower note is D, we assume that we are in the key of “D Major”. “D Major” has 2 sharps: “F#” and “C#”, with all the other notes being natural. So, if our “A” was natural, the interval would be a “Perfect 5th”. But our “A” is in fact sharp, meaning it was moved up by 1 half step. We know from Figure 2.0 that when a “Perfect” interval is raised by 1 half step, it becomes an “Augmented” interval. Therefore, we can safely conclude that our interval is an Augmented 5th.
EXERCISE #3:
Identify the following interval:
Answer: Minor 6th
Explanation:
This one looks a bit disorienting at first, as the first note is higher than the second. But we should let that stop us – remember, we always start our analysis with the lower note, which in this case is “F”. Counting up from “F” to “D” gives us a 6, so our interval size is a 6th. Now, let’s think about the quality. The key of “F Major” only has a “B♭” in it, which means the “D” is natural. If our “D” was also natural, the interval would be a “Major 6th”. However, our “D” has been lowered by 1 half step to “D♭“. Again, remembering Figure 2.0, a major interval lowered by 1 half step becomes a minor interval. Therefore, we can safely conclude that our interval is a Minor 6th.
EXERCISE #4:
Identify the following interval:
Answer: Diminished 7th
Explanation:
Counting up from “A” to “G” gives us 7, so we know that our interval is some kind of 7th. Now for the quality. I chose this example on purpose because students often get stuck on this type of interval. The problem is, there isn’t really an “A# Major” key in the standard list of major keys. So what are we supposed to do? The trick here is to temporarily imagine that “A” has no sharp and treat it as just an “A”. From here, we know that “A Major” scale has 3 sharps: “F#”, “C#”, and “G#”. So if our “G” was sharp, the interval would be a major 7th (assuming we are in “A major”). Because our “G” has no sharp, it means it is 1 half step smaller, meaning that our interval (so far) is in fact a “Minor 7th”. But we are not finished yet. It’s only a “Minor 7th” if our bottom note is “A”, but it is actually an “A#”. Referring back to Figure 2.0, we learn that a minor interval made 1 half step smaller becomes “diminished”. Therefore, we can safely conclude that our interval is a Diminished 7th.
EXERCISE #5:
Identify the following interval:
Answer: Perfect 5th
Explanation:
Counting up from “E” to “B” gives us 5, so we know that our interval is some kind of 5th. Our bottom note is “E♭”, so we will assume we are in the key of “E♭ Major”. The key signature of “E♭ Major” is “B♭”, “E♭” and “A♭”. So, if our “B” was flat, then our interval would be a “Perfect 5th”. Our B is, in fact, flat. Therefore, we can safely conclude that our interval is a Perfect 5th.
How to identify intervals by ear
Identifying intervals on a music staff is nice and dandy, but what happens when we can only hear them? Can we learn to identify music intervals by sound alone? Yes you can! (or, at least, you should be able to!) In fact, being able to identify intervals aurally is even more useful for musicians from a practical sense, such as when they want to play something that they heard on their instrument. Because most of us do not have the gift of “perfect pitch” (which would allow us to identify intervals quite easily and instantly), we are going to focus here on how to do it using what is called “relative pitch”.
Relative pitch refers to the ability to identify a particular note (or interval) by using another note as a reference. In other words, we are identifying the second note “relative” to the first note.
But how can I know what the first note is? Don’t you need “perfect pitch” for that? Actually, no. It is absolutely unnecessary to know what the first note is in order to identify an interval. All you need to be able to do is judge the distance between the two notes. To help us do that, we are going to use songs! That’s right, songs that you very likely already know and can recall at will. For every interval, we are going to give you an example of a song that uses it. Once you learn to associate an interval to a specific song, you should be able to identify any interval like a pro!
Figure 3.0
Admittedly, this list of songs is a bit biased towards the English-speaking part of the world, so I apologize about that. If you are not familiar with a lot of these, I encourage you to do some internet searching for songs in your own language that you could use to help with interval identification.
- Learn about the Major Scale with our article titled: “How to Build a Major Scale”
- Learn about the Natural Minor Scale with our article titled: “How to Build a Natural Minor Scale”
- Learn about the Harmonic Minor Scale with our article titled: “How to Build a Harmonic Minor Scale”